Cyclophorus perdix borneensis (Metcalfe, 1851)
“Shell bearing some characters in common with both C. aquilum, Sow., and C. acutimarginatum, Sow.; but baving a more depressed spire, and flatter whorls than either of those species.” (Metcalfe, 1851)
“Zwei lebend gesammelte Exemplare vom Baramflufs in Nord-Borneo, das eine von der gewöhnlichen Färbung, das andere bis auf die Nahtflecken tief braunschwarz, dieses Exemplar auch weniger deutlich kantig und die Mundränder durch einen dünnen, aber deutlichen Callus verbunden, die Spiralskulptur auf dem letzten Umgang kaum noch erkennbar. Der Unterrand ist bei beiden Exemplaren deutlich vorgezogen.” (Kobelt, 1897)
“In questa specie la testa è piuttosto grossa, di color brunoviolaceo (che va diventando più chiaro verso il collo) e munita di due tentacoli neri lunghi circa 7 Mill., compressi, assottigliati verso l’ estremità, striati trasversalmente (forse per effetto di contrazione) e terminati in punta smussata. Alla base di ciascun tentacolo, dal lato esterno, sporge un rilievo che porta un occhio piccolissimo. Il labbro superiore è robusto, di color castagno e diviso in due lobi ben distinti. Nel maschio la verga è una doccia conica della lunghezza di 2 Mill. che sporge sul lato destro del collo, un po' al di sotto della base del tentacolo corrispondente. 11 collare é ampio e completo. Il piede è grosso, forte e terminato in punta; esso porta l'opercolo alla sua parte superiore, presso l'estremità.” (Issel, 1874)
“The penang variety of this species is flatter, somewhat sharper keeled at the periphery, and with a slightly more expanded lip than exists in any Bornean specimens I saw, but the general type of the shell is unmistakable. It is a rare species on Penang hill; I found during many days search only two adults and one young. The former are covered with a rather thick dark brown cuticle, marked with very fine transversely oblique and also with spiral striae, by which a kind of a very minute granulation is produced. There is a row of larger brown spots along the suture, while the rest of the whorls is densely variegated with reddish brown, most conspicuous after a partial removal of the cuticle, and the keel is slightly funiculate. This coloration is almost exactly like that of C. porphyriticus, as figured by Pfeiffer in Chemnitz’ Conchilienkabinet. One of the most important characters of borneensis is the straightness and slight concavity of the inner portion of the peristome along the umbilical margin, followed by the basal portion being somewhat produced. This character also occurs in C. aquila and perdix, with the last of which Benson’s C. porphyriticus has been considered as identical. E. v. Martens already observes (I. cit. p. 135) that it is impossible to give a well defined diagnosis of C. aquila, as the species is very variable and readily passes into borneensis and perdix. I have not a sufficient series of authentic specimens from different localities, but the few from Penang, Singapore and Borneo entirely support the view expressed by E. von Martens, and make it most probable that the different names noticed only refer to the principal varieties of one and the same species. It is unquestionable that even in true Bornean specimens the upper convexity of the whorls is greater sometimes less, the keel on the last whorl sharp, or obtuse, or again almost obsolete, and in consequence of this the sharp edged last whorl passes into an obtusely angular or even slightly rounded one, and that with these variations the height of the entire shell must naturally vary. I posses Singapore specimens of borneensis which exactly agree with C. porphyriticus, as figured by Pfeiffer in Chemnitz, and as this figure is authetic, being taken from the type in Benson’s collection, I would not hestitate to add porphyriticus as a synonym of borneensis. Sowerby’ original figures of perdix (at least fig. 127 in Thes. Vol. I) and of aquila scarcely differ, and both very well agree with the form of borneensis as usually obtained at Singapore, having the whorls above rather infated and the periphery very obtusely angular. The same applies to Chemnitz’s figure of aquila, while that of perdix, after Tenaserim specimens, very closely corresponds with one of my Penang specimens of borneensis, except in having a greenish cuticle. Reeve’s figure of aquila is probably taken from a specimen obtained inland north of Singapore; those specimens are particularly fine and probably most aberrant from the type shell, which Reeve figured as borneensis, while his fugure of perdix has the whorls as round as siamensis, and though it may belong to the same species as represented by Sowerby’s figure 128 in Thes. Vol. 1, I do not think that it can at all be referred to the borneensis group, because it appears to want the peculiar straightness of the inner portion of the peristome. The solution of this question of identity depends now upon a comparison of the type-specimens of Sowerby’s C. perdix and aquila with a good series of typical borneensis, as represented in Borneo, near Singapore, Malacca and Penang; for it will also determine the nomenclature of the latter species.” (Stoliczka, 1872)
“Observations - Cette espèce est extrêmement variable dans sa taille et peut être divisée en deux variétés bien distinctes par leur ditférence considérable de grandeur, mais qui, présentant des caractères identiques, ne peuvent être séparées l'une de l'autre.” (Morgan, 1885)
Metcalfe (1851) original descriptions on Cyclostoma borneensis – “C. testâ suborbiculari, depresso-conoideâ, acuminatâ, albidâ, fusco-variegatâ, maculis ad suturam, cinguloque infra medium fusco ornatâ; striis obliquis minutis, aliisque circularibus minutissimis impressâ; anfractibus quinque planiusculis, carinatis; ultimo magno, margine acutè carinato, circa umbilicum obtusè angulato; apertur asubcirculari; peritremate albo, reflex; supra productiore, subtus reflex, ad columellam subsinuato; umbilico magno, profundo; operculo corneo, tenui. Varietas minor, magnitudine solum diversa.”
Godwin-Austen (1889) descriptions from syntype Cyclophorus cochranei – “Shell turbinate, solid, keeled, narrowly umbilicated, the umbilicus very nearly concealed by the columellar margin; sculpture a smooth surface with ordinary lines of growth; colour a pale ochre ground, mottled somewhat sparsely with dark liver-brown, below the keel with stronger zigzag blotching; spire conoid, rather high; apex subacute; suture shallow; whorls 5, the last flattened on the side; aperture circular, suboblique; peristome continuous, simple, slightly reflected, sinuate below the columellar margin and with a slight thickening there.”
Godwin-Austen (1889) descriptions from syntype Cyclophorus cochranei ochraceus – “In this variety from the Busan Hills the only difference observable in the form of the shell is its deeper suture. It has no markings of any kind, the whole surface being of a dark straw or ochre colour. There are two specimens, and as they are from the same hills I do not think they can be separated from the species above described."
Godwin-Austen (1889) descriptions from syntype Cyclophorus talboti – “Shell turbinate, subangulate; umbilicated, but umbilicus nearly hidden by the reflection of the columellar margin of the aperture colour rich madder-brown, paler around the umbilicus, in one specimen a dark band below the periphery, speckled with white and with a regular series of pale whitish ochre spots following the suture, a line of similar smaller spots on the keel; spire conic; apex subacute; suture moderately impressed; whorls 5, convex; aperture circular, oblique; peristome solid, simple, slightly reflected, very sharply so on the columell.ir margin.”
Kobelt (1902) descriptions on Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) borneensis – “Schale mittelweit genabelt, niedrig kreiselförmig, gestreift, mit dichten, sehr feinen Spirallinien, oben bräunlich mit kastanienbraunen Striemen und Marmorierungen; Apex ziemlich spitz; Naht flach, gerandet; 5 ziemlich gewölbte Windungen, letzte scharf gekielt, unter dem Kiel mit einer breiten, kastanienbraunen, weiss gefleckten Binde, unten blasser, gewölbt, am Nabel zusammengedrückt; Mündung schräg, abgestutzt eiförmig; Mundrand kurz ausgebreitet, nicht verdickt, unterbrochen, durch dünnen Callus verbunden. Deckel kreisrund, eng gewunden, rötlich, aussen konkav.”
Kobelt (1902) descriptions on Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) cochranei – “Schale eng genabelt, kreiseiförmig, festwandig, gekielt, ziemlich glatt, fein gestreift, blass ockerfarben, unter dem Kiel braun gezeichnet; Apex ziemlich spitz; 5 Windungen mit seichter Naht, letzte gekielt, seitlich abgeflacht; Mündung ziemlich schräg, kreisrund; Mundrand zusammenhängend, einfach, leicht zurückgeschlagen; Spindelrand leicht verdickt, ausgebuchtet, oben den Nabel fast bedeckend.”
Kobelt (1902) descriptions on Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) talboti – “Schale bedeckt genabelt, kreiseiförmig, stumpfkantig, lebhaft braun mit hellen Fleckenbinden an Naht und Kante, mitunter dunkler gebändert; Apex spitz, Naht massig eingedrückt; 5 gewölbte Windungen; Mündung schräg, kreisrund; Mundrand einfach, leicht ausgebreitet, unten über den Nabel zurückgeschlagen.”
Kobelt (1902) descriptions on Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) porthyriticus – “Schale mittelweit genabelt, niedrig kegelförmig, dünn, mit dichten, erhobenen, leicht welligen Spiralreifen, weisslich, oben kastanienbraun, unten blasser gestriemt, mit braunen, an der Naht grösseren Flecken und mit je einer gegliederten Binde an der Naht und am Kiel; Apex spitz; Naht kaum deutlich; 4½ ziemlich flache Windungen, letzte kantig, unten ziemlich flach; Mündung weit, kurz eiförmig, bläulich weiss; Mundrand dünn, ausgebreitet, zurückgeschlagen, kurz unterbrochen, durch dünnen Callus verbunden; Spindelrand verschmälert, leicht ausgeschnitten.”
“The animal of the Penang variety of borneensis is uniform pale brown with a slight pinkish tinge, an covered with numerous flat greyish warts; the foot is rather narrow and very warty, not sulcated; head slightly darker than the body, tentacles blackish near the tip; eyes on small bulgings, surrounded by a pale ring; mantle greyish, thick near the margin. There is scarcely a noticeable difference in the size of the sexes.” (Stoliczka, 1872)
Cyclostoma borneensis – “Long. 1 6/10; lat. 1 3/10; alt. 9/10 unc.” (Metcalfe, 1851); syntype Cyclophorus cochranei – “Size: maj. diam. 41 mm, min. 32.5 mm; alt. axis 18 mm.” (Godwin-Austen, 1889); syntype Cyclophorus talboti – “Size: maj. diam. 40 mm, min. 22.5 mm; alt. axis 17 mm; diam. Body whorl 23-25 millim.” (Godwin-Austen, 1889); Cyclophorus borneense - “Die Dimensionen sind: diam. maj. 38, min. 31, alt. 26 mm.” (Kobelt, 1897); Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) talboti – “H. 17, Durchm. 40:32.5 mm.” (Kobelt, 1902); Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) cochranei – “H. 18, Durchm. 41 : 32,5 mm.” (Kobelt, 1902); Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) borneensis – “H. 20, Durchm. 40:33 mm.” (Kobelt, 1902); Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) porthyriticus – “H. 18, Durchm. 31:24.5 mm.” (Kobelt, 1902)
“Les dimensions extrêmes de cette espèce sont les suivantes: V. major: Diamètre maximum, 32 mm; hauteur, 20 mm; longueur de l'ouverture, 14 mm; largeur de l'ouverture, 12 mm, V. minor: Diamètre maximum, 20 mm; hauteur, 15 mm; longueur de l'ouverture, l0mm; largeur de l'ouverture, 8 mm.” (Morgan, 1885)
Type locality - “Borneo” leg. W. J. Hamilton/Nov. 1850 (Metcalfe, 1851); syntype Cyclophorus cochranei “Niah and Busan Hills” leg. A. Everett (Godwin-Austen, 1889); syntype Cyclophorus cochranei ochraceus “Busan Hills” (Godwin-Austen, 1889); syntype Cyclophorus talboti “Busan Hills” leg. A. Everett (Godwin-Austen, 1889).
Other localities - “Territorio di Sarawak” leg. Doria and Beccari (Issel, 1874); “Niah hills, Trusan, Labuan” leg. A. Everett (Godwin-Austen, 1889); ”Mount Liang Koeboeng” leg. Büttikofer/Mar. 1894, “Southern foot of Mount Kenepai” leg. Büttikofer, “Poelau on the Sibau River” leg. Büttikofer, “Mounta Dadap and Sekedau” leg. Moret, “Sintang” leg. Goedhuis, and “Foot of Mount Semedoem” leg. Hallier (Schepman, 1896); “Baramflufs in Nord-Borneo” (Kobelt, 1897); “Pelarang bei Samarinda” (Martens, 1908); “Penang” (Stoliczka, 1872); “Lahat, Pappan, Batou Gadja et Goping” (Morgan, 1885)